People have relished music for so long that we have evidence, from forty thousand years ago, of humans making a flute-like instrument out of a vulture bone. We feel that even wordless music reflects our moods. Music lovers have gone so far as to assign feelings to the keys that songs are played in. Marc-Antoine Charpentier, a seventeenth-century French composer, called F minor “obscure and plaintive,” and Johann Mattheson, an eighteenth-century German composer, said that it “sometimes causes the listener to shudder with horror.” Mattheson believed that music literally mimicked emotions; in his telling, joy was an “expansion of our vital spirits,” and so joyful music had expansive intervals between notes.