The three cases decided yesterday (one of which I helped litigate as co-counsel for small businesses challenging the tariffs) all grew out of Trump’s April 2025 “Liberation Day” executive order that imposed 10 percent tariffs—supposedly justified by trade deficits—on almost every nation in the world, plus massive additional “reciprocal” tariffs against dozens, using authority the president claimed Congress had given him in IEEPA. The so-called “reciprocal” tariffs even targeted nations that impose no tariffs on U.S. imports, such as Israel and Switzerland. Trump also used IEEPA to impose massive 25 percent tariffs against Canada, Mexico, and China, ostensibly imposed in response to fentanyl inflows from those countries. (These tariffs were challenged in a case filed by 12 states, though not in ours.)